TY - JOUR AU - Woodward Mark AU - Enkhtungalag B. AU - Barzi F. AU - Wu J. AU - Huang L. AU - Land M. AU - Crino M. AU - Mclean R. AU - Neal Bruce AU - Webster Jacqui AB -

BACKGROUND: Estimating equations based on spot urine samples have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-h urine collections for determining mean population salt intake. This review compares estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot and 24-h urine samples. METHODS: We systematically searched for all studies that reported estimates of daily salt intake based upon both spot and 24-h urine samples for the same population. The associations between the two were quantified and compared overall and in subsets of studies. RESULTS: A total of 538 records were identified, 108 were assessed as full text and 29 were included. The included studies involved 10 414 participants from 34 countries and made 71 comparisons available for the primary analysis. Overall average population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples was 9.3 g/day compared with 9.0 g/day estimated from the spot urine samples. Estimates based upon spot urine samples had excellent sensitivity (97%) and specificity (100%) at classifying mean population salt intake as above or below the World Health Organization maximum target of 5 g/day. Compared with the 24-h samples, estimates based upon spot urine overestimated intake at lower levels of consumption and underestimated intake at higher levels of consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot urine samples can provide countries with a good indication of mean population salt intake and whether action on salt consumption is required.

AD - George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, George Institute for Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK, Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia.
Departments of Preventive and Social Medicine/Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
National Center for Public Health, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia.
George Institute for Global Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia, Department of Medicine, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK, bneal@georgeinstitute.org.au. AN - 26796216 BT - International Journal of Epidemiology DA - 93593937117 DP - NLM ET - 2016/01/23 LA - Eng LB - AUS
FP
FY16
PROF N1 - Huang, Liping
Crino, Michelle
Wu, Jason H Y
Woodward, Mark
Barzi, Federica
Land, Mary-Anne
McLean, Rachael
Webster, Jacqui
Enkhtungalag, Batsaikhan
Neal, Bruce
Int J Epidemiol. 2016 Jan 21. pii: dyv313. N2 -

BACKGROUND: Estimating equations based on spot urine samples have been identified as a possible alternative approach to 24-h urine collections for determining mean population salt intake. This review compares estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot and 24-h urine samples. METHODS: We systematically searched for all studies that reported estimates of daily salt intake based upon both spot and 24-h urine samples for the same population. The associations between the two were quantified and compared overall and in subsets of studies. RESULTS: A total of 538 records were identified, 108 were assessed as full text and 29 were included. The included studies involved 10 414 participants from 34 countries and made 71 comparisons available for the primary analysis. Overall average population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples was 9.3 g/day compared with 9.0 g/day estimated from the spot urine samples. Estimates based upon spot urine samples had excellent sensitivity (97%) and specificity (100%) at classifying mean population salt intake as above or below the World Health Organization maximum target of 5 g/day. Compared with the 24-h samples, estimates based upon spot urine overestimated intake at lower levels of consumption and underestimated intake at higher levels of consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Estimates of mean population salt intake based upon spot urine samples can provide countries with a good indication of mean population salt intake and whether action on salt consumption is required.

PY - 2016 SN - 1464-3685 (Electronic)
0300-5771 (Linking) T2 - International Journal of Epidemiology TI - Mean population salt intake estimated from 24-h urine samples and spot urine samples: a systematic review and meta-analysis VL - pii: dyv313 Y2 - FY16 ER -